Which hormones regulate blood glucose levels?

Insulin and glucagon are two key hormones that play a critical role in maintaining blood glucose levels within a narrow range, which is vital for proper bodily function.

Insulin, produced by the beta cells of the pancreas, facilitates the uptake of glucose into cells, particularly muscle and fat tissues, thereby lowering blood sugar levels after meals. It promotes the storage of excess glucose as glycogen in the liver and decreases glucose production by the liver itself.

On the other hand, glucagon, produced by the alpha cells of the pancreas, has the opposite effect. In response to low blood glucose levels, glucagon stimulates the liver to convert stored glycogen back into glucose (a process called glycogenolysis) and to produce new glucose from non-carbohydrate sources (gluconeogenesis). This action raises blood glucose levels and ensures a steady supply of energy for the body's cells.

Together, insulin and glucagon work in concert to balance blood glucose levels, preventing both hyperglycemia (high blood sugar) and hypoglycemia (low blood sugar). This regulatory mechanism is essential for overall metabolic health.